Panico white pages kansas12/22/2023 ![]() ![]() These subspecies have the same morphological structure and life cycle, but they cause unique pathologic entities with distinctive epidemiological and clinical management patterns ( 3). Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense are the two subspecies determining the disease in humans. It is spread to the susceptible host due to the bite of the blood-sucking tsetse fly of the genus Glossina ( 1, 2). It is caused by an extracellular protozoon belonging to the genus Trypanosoma, species, brucei. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness is a parasitic-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). We focused our interests on most recent epidemiological data, novel diagnostic methods with their advantages and limitations, new improved treatment and orphan drugs and eradication programs, including vector control, according to a “One Health” approach, to achieve the new goals recently set by WHO. ![]() This review covers several aspects of the disease. It puts 70 million people at risk throughout sub-Saharan Africa and it is usually fatal if untreated or inadequately treated. It is caused by infection with the subspecies of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, and it is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. In this literature review, we want to focus on Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as “sleeping sickness”, one of the most common neglected diseases in Africa. They are common in several countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. NTDs tend to thrive in low-income regions, where water quality, sanitation and access to health care are substandard. They generally afflict the more indigent patients of the world and historically have not received as much attention as other diseases. 5Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales (ISTM) Marie-Reine-de-la-Paix de Kenge, Kenge, Democratic Republic of CongoĪccording to both definitions of US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization, Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of preventable and treatable parasitic, viral, and bacterial diseases that affect more than one billion people globally.4Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, Padua, Italy. ![]() 3National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.2Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.1Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.Roberta Papagni 1*† Roberta Novara 1† Maria Letizia Minardi 2 Luisa Frallonardo 1 Gianfranco Giorgio Panico 1 Elisabetta Pallara 1 Sergio Cotugno 1 Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli 3 Giacomo Guido 1 Elda De Vita 1 Aurelia Ricciardi 1 Valentina Totaro 1 Michele Camporeale 1 Francesco Vladimiro Segala 1 Davide Fiore Bavaro 1 Giulia Patti 1 Gaetano Brindicci 1 Carmen Pellegrino 1 Michele Fabio Mariani 1 Giovanni Putoto 4 Loredana Sarmati 2 Chiara Castellani 5 Annalisa Saracino 1 Francesco Di Gennaro 1,4 Emanuele Nicastri 3 ![]()
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